A Voyage to the History of Delphi

Nestled at the foot of Mount Parnassos, within the angle formed by the twin rocks of the Phaedriades, lies the Pan-Hellenic sanctuary of Delphi. Revered as the center of the world in ancient Greece, Delphi was home to the most famous oracle, drawing visitors from across the Hellenic world. According to mythology, this sacred site is where the two eagles sent out by Zeus from the ends of the universe met to find the navel of the world.

The Mythological and Historical Roots of Delphi

The history of Delphi is deeply intertwined with Greek mythology. Initially sacred to Mother Earth, the site was guarded by the serpent Python until Apollo, who arrived in the form of a dolphin, killed the serpent. The sanctuary dedicated to Apollo was built by Cretans who settled in Kirrha, the port of Delphi. This myth was celebrated in various Delphic festivals, including the Septerion, Delphinia, Thargelia, Theophania, and the renowned Pythia, which commemorated the death of Python through musical and athletic competitions.

Early Inhabitants and Rituals

The earliest archaeological finds in Delphi date back to the Neolithic period (4000 BC), discovered in the Korykeion Andron cave on Mount Parnassos. These early rituals set the stage for the Mycenaean settlement and cemetery found within the sanctuary. Despite rare and fragmentary traces of occupation until the eighth century BC, the cult of Apollo was firmly established, marking the beginning of the sanctuary and oracle’s development.

The Rise of the Delphi Sanctuary

The first stone temples of Apollo and Athena, known as Athena Pronaia, were constructed towards the end of the seventh century BC. Other deities such as Artemis, Poseidon, Dionysus, Hermes, Zeus Polieus, Hygeia, and Eileithyia were also associated with the sanctuary. Delphi served as the center of the Amphictyonic League, an association of twelve tribes from Thessaly and Sterea (south-central Greece), which held both religious and political significance.

The Sanctuary’s Autonomy and Influence

In the sixth century BC, the sanctuary gained autonomy following the First Sacred War, expanding its territory and influence under the League’s protection and administration. The sanctuary reorganized the Pythian Games, which became the second most important game in Greece after the Olympics, held every four years. During this period, the Delphic oracle reached its peak, with the Pythia, the priestess of Apollo, delivering prophecies interpreted by the priests.

The Peak and Decline of the Oracle

he oracle of Delphi, considered the most trustworthy in ancient Greece, played a crucial role in significant historical events, including the founding of Greek colonies and consultations by cities, rulers, and individuals. However, the rise of the Rationalist movement in the third century BC began to undermine the oracle’s authority. Despite this, rituals continued until the second century AD, with the oracle consulted by figures such as Emperor Hadrian.

Roman Influence and the Final Abandonment

Delphi was conquered by the Aetolians in the third century BC and later by the Romans in 191 BC. While some Roman emperors favored the sanctuary, others plundered it. The Byzantine emperor Theodosius abolished the oracle in 394 BC, and the sanctuary was destroyed by the Slavs. With the advent of Christianity, Delphi became an episcopal see but was abandoned in the sixth-seventh centuries AD. The village of Kastri eventually grew over the ancient ruins, attracting travelers interested in antiquities.

Archaeological Discoveries and Modern-Day Delphi

Archaeological research in Delphi began in 1860 by German archaeologists. In 1891, the Greek government granted the French School at Athens permission for long-term excavations, leading to the relocation of the village of Kastri. The “Great Excavation” uncovered spectacular remains, including about three thousand inscriptions crucial to understanding public life in ancient Greece.

Continued Research and Conservation

Today, the Greek Archaeological Service and the French School at Athens continue to research, excavate, and conserve the Delphi sanctuaries. Among the numerous monuments, only the Treasury of the Athenians has been almost completely reconstructed, with the project financed by the City of Athens and completed by the French School in 1903-1906. Partial restorations have been carried out on the Chiot altar, the Temple of Apollo, and the Tholos.

Exploring the Archaeological Site of Delphi

The archaeological site of Delphi includes two sanctuaries dedicated to Apollo and Athena, along with other buildings primarily intended for sports. Visitors arriving from Athens first encounter the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia, which includes the famous Tholos, the symbol of Delphi today, and the remains of three temples dedicated to Athena. The sanctuary also houses altars of Zeus Polieus, Athena Ergane, Athena Zosteria, Eileithyia, and Hygeia, as well as memorials and treasuries.

Key Highlights of the Sanctuary

• Sanctuary of Apollo: Central to the site, this area includes the temple of Apollo with its adyton, where the Pythia delivered oracles. The Sacred Way, lined with votive monuments, leads to the temple.
• Treasuries: These small, luxurious buildings stored votive offerings and showcased the art and wealth of the cities that commissioned them.
• Theatre and Stadium: The theater hosted the musical and theatrical contests of the Pythian Games, while the stadium held athletic competitions.

Delphi’s Settlement and Cemeteries

Surrounding the sanctuaries are the remains of Delphi’s settlement and cemeteries, which developed mainly during the Classical and Roman periods. These remnants provide further insight into the daily lives and practices of ancient Delphians.

Conclusion

The archaeological site of Delphi presents a profound journey through the mythological and historical tapestry of ancient Greece. Initially established as a sacred site, Delphi reached its zenith as a prominent cultural and religious center. The legacy of Delphi continues to captivate and inspire, as it offers a unique blend of monumental ruins and rich myths associated with the sanctuary. Visitors to Delphi often experience a deep connection to the ancient world through their exploration of this significant archaeological site.